Other Trade Networks
nSome limited trade was permitted in Portuguese Macao, and European desire for Chinese manufactured items made China the leading recipient of American silver.
nIn Japan, early openness to Europeans, in missionary activity and interest in military technology, quickly ended.
nMost contacts were prohibited from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century.
nMughal India, the Ottoman Empire, and Safavid Persia all allowed minimal trade with Europeans but concentrated on their own internal development.
nRussia and African regions not participating in the slave trade were outside the international economic orbit.
