nThe church was a joined in the process, building cathedrals and universities.
nDuring the early 16th century Spanish women and African slaves joined the earlier arrivals, marking the shift from conquest to settlement.
nRanches and sugar plantations replaced gold searching.
•By this time most of the Indians had died or been killed.
nSome clerics and administrators attempted to end abuses; Bartolomé de las Casas began the struggle for justice for Indians.