Isolation
nIeyasu and his successors broadened the campaign to isolate Japan from outside influences.
nFrom 1616 merchants were confined to a few cities; from 1630 Japanese ships could not sail overseas.
nBy the 1640s only Dutch and Chinese ships visited Japan to trade at Deshima island.
nWestern books were banned. The retreat into isolation was almost total by the mid-17th century.
