The Consolidation of
Latin America
Argentina:
The Port and the Nation
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The economy of Argentina was divided
between the commercial port of Buenos Aires and pampas and the surrounding
territories. |
The United Provinces of
Rio de la Plata
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The United Provinces of the Rio de la
Plata declared independence in 1816, but did not stay together very long. |
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Liberal efforts to create a strong
central government provoked a federalist reaction which gained power in 1831
under Juan Manuel de Rosas. |
Weakness and the Gauchos
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A weak central government and local
autonomy followed that favored the merchants of Buenos Aires and the
surrounding ranchers called gauchos. |
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Campaigns against the Indians opened
new lands in the south. |
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Rosas ruled in a populist,
authoritarian manner and exiled the opponents. |
The Argentine Republic
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Liberals and regional caudillos joined
to overthrow Rosas in 1852. |
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After a confused decade of political
turmoil opponents compromised to create a unified republic called the
Argentine Republic. |
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Domingo F. Sarmiento
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Between 1862 and 1890 Domingo F.
Sarmiento and other able leaders initiated wide political and economic
reforms. |
Results of Sarmiento’s
Reforms
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Political stability brought foreign
investment; a great boost in exports brought prosperity. |
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The population tripled as many European
immigrants came to take advantage of the good times. |
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Increased revenues allowed
infrastructure development. |
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National unity and pride grew after a
successful war against Paraguay and the defeat of the southern Indians. |
The Brazilian Empire
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Many problems were present behind
Brazil's facade of 19th-century political stability. |
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Pedro I issued a liberal constitution
in 1824 but still acted as an autocrat. |
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He was forced to abdicate in 1831;
regents then ran the country in the name of his young son Pedro II - he came
to power in 1840 - in what really was an experiment in republican government. |
Monarchy vs Republic
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Internal disputes between liberals and
conservatives were complicated by arguments for and against the monarchy. |
Fazendas
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The development of coffee as an export
crop brought economic resurgence. |
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Coffee estates, called fazendas spread
into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860 and caused an
intensification of slavery. |
The Abolition of Slavery
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The abolitionist movement gained
strength, and slaves increased their resistance to their status. |
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Slavery was abolished in 1888. |
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New political currents included the
growth of urban and middle class groups less tied to landholding and slavery,
and the arrival of thousands of European immigrants reduced dependence on
slaves. |
Enter the Republic
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Support for the monarchy waned. |
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A long war against Paraguay brought the
military into politics, and state quarrels with the church drew them into the
opposition. |
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Planters turned away from slavery to
positivist ideas. |
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The Republican Party, formed in 1871,
won wide support and a coup replaced the monarchy by a republic in 1889. |
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However, Social and political problems
caused by modernization remained unresolved. |
Societies in Search of
Themselves
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Tension remained in cultural life
between European and American influences, and between elite and folk ways. |
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Social change for the masses and for
women came slowly. |
Cultural Expression after
Independence
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Independence opened up Latin America to
direct influence from other European nations. |
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The elite followed Europe's examples in
intellectual and artistic life. |
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In the 1830s romanticism became
important and turned interest to Indians and local customs. |
Positivism
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By the 1870s the focus changed; a new
realism came to the arts and literature along with the ideas of positivism
(Auguste Comte’s philosophy that stressed observation and scientific
approaches to the problems of society) |
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Mass culture was not affected by elite
trends; traditional forms flourished but were ignored by most of the elite. |
Old Patterns of Gender,
Class, and Race
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Women, despite participation in the
revolutions, gained little ground during the 19th century. |
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They continued as wives and mothers
under the authority of males; they could not vote or hold office. |
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Lower class women had more economic and
personal freedom, but otherwise shared in subordination. |
Woman’s Rights
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Public education did become more open
to women to prepare them for more enlightened roles in the home. |
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New occupational opportunities opened
for women in teaching. |
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Educated women, by the end of the
century, actively demanded increased rights. |
Natives and Former Slaves
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Most of the new nations legally ended
the society of castes where status depended upon color and ethnicity. |
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In reality, very little changed for
Indians and former slaves. |
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The expansion of the export economy in
many ways intensified old patterns. |
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Personal liberties were sacrificed to
economic growth. |
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Control by only a few
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Control of land, politics, and the
economy was dominated by a small, white, Creole elite. |
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Latin America entered the 1880s as a
predominantly agrarian group of nations with rigid social structures,
dependent on the world market. |