nRussia had continued imperialist expansion through the 19th and into the 20th century.
•Gains were made against the Ottomans in the 1870s.
•New Slavic nations, Serbia and Bulgaria, were created, and conservatives talked of Russian leadership of a pan-Slavic movement.
•In the Middle East and central Asia Russia was active in Persia and Afghanistan.
•In China the Russians moved into Manchuria and gained long-term leases to territory.