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| n |
During the
first half of the 19th century
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the shogunate
continued to combine a
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central
bureaucracy with semi-feudal
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alliances
between regional daimyos and
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samurai.
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| n |
The government
encountered financial
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|
problems
because taxation was based on
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|
agriculture
while the economy was
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|
becoming more
commercialized.
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• |
Reform spurts
met revenue gaps until the
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1840s when an
unsuccessful effort
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|
weakened the
government and hampered
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responses to
Western pressure.
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• |
Japanese
intellectual and cultural life
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|
continued to
expand under the Tokugawa.
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• |
Neo-Confucianism
kept its hold among the
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elite at the
expense of Buddhism.
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