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The three great classical civilizations of Rome, Han
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China, and Gupta India collapsed or declined.
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All three suffered from invasions by nomads from
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central Asia who took advantage of internal imperial
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weaknesses.
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Rome also endured Germanic incursions, and the
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western portion of its empire lost more of its earlier
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achievements than other civilizations.
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The general collapse forms a significant break in world
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history.
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Many components of the classical achievement
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survived the period of decline, and new forms
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appeared as civilizations altered to meet changing
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conditions.
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