Civilization and Gender
n The strong position gained by women through
Muhammad’s teachings did not endure.
n Long-established Middle Eastern and Mediterranean
male-dominated traditions of the conquered societies
eventually prevailed.
n The historical record in China, India, Greece, and the
Middle East appears to make a connection between
political centralization, urbanization and decline in the
position of women.
n But in the Islamic world religion and law left women of
all classes in better conditions than in other civilized
cultures.