From Booty to Empire
	• After the initial Muslim conquests, internal divisions weakened Muslim rule and allowed limited Hindu reconquest. • In the 10th century a Turkish dynasty gained power in Afghanistan. • Its third ruler, Mahmud of Ghazni, began two centuries of incursions into northern India. • In the 12th century the Persian Muhammad of Ghur created an extensive state in the Indus valley and north-central India.