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• |
There were
tendencies that
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placed
Muslims at a disadvantage
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in relation
to rival civilizations,
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particularly
to their European
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rivals.
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• |
Political
divisions caused
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weaknesses in
many regions.
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• |
Most
importantly, the increasing
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rigidity of
the Ulama caused
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Muslims to
become less receptive
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to outside
influences at a time
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when the
European world
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transformed
its culture and
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power.
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