1	From Isolation to Westernization Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia
2	Independence Ivan III gained political experience collecting taxes for the Mongols Freed most of Russia by 1462 Freed Moscow by 1480 Ivan III emerges as leader Carefully managed contact with the West Commercial and Cultural disadvantage
3	Russia after Independence Centuries of isolation led to decline and stagnation Low literacy Feudal organization Almost non-existent trade Mostly Orthodox Christians
4	Ivan the Great (III) Married niece of Byzantine Emperor Insisted Russia was the Third Rome Named himself Czar
5	Ivan the Terrible Expansion Killed Boyars to increase power Ruled with terror
6	Expansion The Ivan’s focused on expansion into central Asia Want to push back Mongols Recruit Cossacks to settle pioneer lands 16^th Century gain control of Caspian Sea Siberia
7	Expansion Czars took advantage of new lands as gifts for nobles New trade routes Russia becomes huge multicultural empire Late 16^th Century begin looking west for cultural cues
8	The Time of Troubles Ivan the Terrible dies without an heir Power struggles between boyars Sweden and Poland attack while Russia is weak 1613, Romanovs chosen to rule Surprisingly, czars don’t lose power
9	Michael Romanov Reestablished order Drove out invaders Gained control of Ukraine
10	Alexis Romanov Abolished noble assemblies Gained control over Orthodox Church Exiled Old Believers to Siberia
11	Peter the Great Inherits large but medieval, agricultural Empire Wants to adopt some western ideas Rules as autocrat, not interested in parliaments Hires bureaucrats to run government Builds professional army and navy
12	Moscow
13	Peter the Great Continued Set up secret police Gained territory Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
14	St. Petersburg
15	Paris and Versailles (France)
16	Peter the Great’s Westernization Built modern European style army and Russia’s 1^st navy Systematized laws Revised tax structure Built up metallurgy and mining to support military Western styles
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18	What Peter didn’t change Limited urbanization = no real middle class Gender roles remain the same Serfs lives do not change Non-military technology does not change Didn’t attempt to increase international trade
19	Catherine the Great
20	Catherine the Great Practiced selective westernization Advocated a strong monarchy Claimed to be an “Enlightened Despot” Built a bureaucracy mostly from the nobility (aristocracy, not middle class) Landlords maintained control over peasants
21	Catherine the Great Refused to emancipate the serfs Put down the Pugachev rebellion
22	Catherine the Great Patronized western styled art Encouraged nobility to get educated in Europe Fought Ottoman Empire to win a port on the Black Sea Partitioned Poland with Austria and Prussia
23	Catherine the Great When the French Revolution began in 1789, Catherine, fearing revolution spilling into Russia, isolated the empire from the west
24	Major Themes Serfdom: majority of people were serfs who did agricultural work Law passed in 1785 allowed landlords to harshly punish serfs for major offenses Very limited trade, aimed at strengthening military Extremely limited middle class
25	Major Themes Most people were loyal to the Czar, but hated their landlords Empire expanded east, west, and south
26	How Russia differed from the West Very feudal, local lords exercised incredible power Did not experience cultural growth like the West Because it wasn’t Catholic, no involvement in Protestant Reformation
27	Changes in Russia by 1750 Gained warm water ports on Baltic and Black Seas Sought and gained cultural access to the West Unlike China and Japan, Russia wanted to engage with and emulate aspects of the West
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