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10	The Franks In A.D. 481, Clovis united the Franks and became their king. Clovis converted to the Roman Catholic faith. Essentially, the Franks blended Germanic and Roman cultural practices. Clovis died in 511 and split the empire among his 4 sons.
11	Charles “The Hammer” Charles “the Hammer” Martel was mayor of the palace 714-741 Organized an effective cavalry Defeated the Muslims at Tours His son Pepin became King of the Franks
12	Pepin the Short Pepin overthrew King Childeric III Pope agreed to support him 752 Pepin convinced the nobles Anointed as king In exchange Pepin defeated the Lombards in central Italy Pepin was succeeded by his son Charles
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14	Charlemagne Charles the Great AKA “Charlemagne” became king of the Franks in 768 A.D. He tried to recreate the glory of the Roman Empire. He conquered a vast empire and was proclaimed Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III. He gave land to his nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service. Fierce Military leader, valued education. Sons divided land and Holy Roman Empire after death
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20	After Charlemagne After Charlemagne’s death, his kingdom was divided among his three sons. The western part developed into one nation – France. The eastern parts began to break down into many smaller parts – although they technically remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Emperors eventually were elected to the office by the heads of the smaller realms that made up the Holy Roman Empire. This often meant that the Holy Roman Emperors were weak and much of the real power lay in the hands of the princes who elected him.
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22	European Feudalism “Feud” or “Fief”-an estate in land or money granted by a superior on condition of rendering him/her services in the future Several causes/definitions of feudalism: feudalism as a whole system of life-economic, political, cultural, and social-centered on lordship feudalism as political and legal, a type of government Weakening of central power within the Carolingian Empire led to an increase in power of local authorities
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29	The Vikings Called “Northmen” - pagan Germanic peoples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark Assaults began around 787, by mid-tenth century, they conquered large sections of continental Europe and Britain Advanced seamen with methods of boatbuilding
30	Viking Territories & Voyages
31	Viking Invasions Reasons for invasions: overpopulation forced the Vikings to emigrate , climatic conditions, crop failures, looking for trade and new commercial contacts Vikings used fear as a strategy These invasions accelerated the development of feudalism Vikings left traces of their culture: knowledge of ship-building
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33	The Angles and Saxon’s Roman legions left Britain around 450 AD Germanic tribes raided the island Angles and the Saxons the most powerful Formed Anglo-Saxon culture Anglo-Saxons created 3 kingdoms or shires: Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex Vikings (Danes) invaded England in early 800s
34	The Danes In 871, Alfred the Great came to the throne of Wessex Best known as a warrior-king Defeated the Danes in 886; signed peace treaty limiting Danish settlement in Britain Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Compiled on the Orders of King Alfred the Great in approximately 890. Original language is Anglo-Saxon Written by monks Offer picture of Anglo-Saxon life Danes eventually conquered much of Britain by 1013 Danish rule died out by 1042 Anglo-Saxons would rule again: Edward the Confessor chosen as king by nobles
35	England before William the Conqueror By 1066, the southern part of the island of Great Britain had been continually invaded, conquered, and settled by different European peoples. Celts Romans Anglos Saxons Jutes Vikings Danes Normans Each group brought with it a different culture and language that has been incorporated into what we today call English.
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37	The Normans The Normans were ruled by Duke William of Normandy. He claimed that the dead King “Edward the Confessor” had promised the throne of England to him. In 1066, William sailed with thousands of soldiers and Norman nobles. They invaded England to take the throne from Harold. Harold’s troops were exhausted from just having defeated the Vikings – and they were defeated by the Normans at the BATTLE OF HASTINGS in 1066.
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42	The Capetian Dynasty In 987, Hugh Capet was chosen as king Ruled only a small region around Paris called Ile-de-France Later Capetian kings added to French land Created a strong, centralized government; appointed well-trained officials
43	Later Capetian’s Later Capetian kings added to French land Created a strong, centralized government; appointed well-trained officials Philip IV gained control of clergy and influenced the election of Pope Clement V Philip also had the Vatican moved to Avignon. “Babylonian Captivity”
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45	The Crusades 11^th and 12^th centuries Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslim Arabs or Turks Crusading a distinctive feature of the upper-class lifestyle Army against the enemies of Christianity Crusades offered travel and excitement for the adventurous, gave kings the opportunity to rid themselves of troublesome knights, opportunity to acquire land in the Middle East
46	Effects of the Crusades Brought prejudice against Jews (debt, blaming Jews for crucifixion) Women joined in on the Crusades illustrating they could wield a degree of power Crusades had little long-term effect on Europe other then increasing trade. Deep bitterness remained between Islam and Christendom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHQZpIoDDyM (7Min)
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50	The Investiture Controversy Investiture Controversy (1075-76) Gregory VII vs. Henry IV Confession @Canossa Concordat of Worms (1122)
51	The Babylonian Captivity and The Great Schism Politics not ideology was the main cause Results: decline of papal temporal authority Eventual tightening of church bureaucracy Increase in the power of monarchs Reformation
52	The Babylonian Captivity Avignon Papacy 1309-1377 By the late Middle Ages the papacy had already achieved its zenith as to temporal power and was beginning a phase of conflict between monarchs and the rise of nation states. Disputes with HRE Curia in-fighting Influenced by rival Italian families
53	Boniface VIII vs. Philip IV
54	Philip’s Church Tax Philip IV sought to centralize and strengthen the power of the French monarch – over nobles and the Church. The Church was often the largest land owner in kingdoms – the wealthiest land owners – BUT not taxed. Philip IV of France began to tax the Church and its extensive land holdings.
55	The Pope’s Response Boniface responded with the papal Bull Clericis laicos – which stated that no one may tax the Church without papal approval. Philip responded by halting all shipments of gold and silver to Rome. Boniface backed down – saying that taxation was alright in an “emergency”
56	Boniface’s Reminder 1301 – Boniface issued the papal Bull Ausculta fili “listen my son” which was to remind all rulers that popes were sent by God to rule over kings 1302 – Papal Bull Unam Sanctum – all authority comes from God through the pope.
57	Philip’s Response Philip and his advisors began to denounce Boniface as a heretic Boniface responded by excommunicating Philip and his closest aides. Philip’s French forces captured Boniface – held him prisoner and nearly executed him. Boniface escaped and died a few weeks later.
58	Benedict’s Death New pope Benedict XI 1303-1304 Conflict between the papacy and France continued. Benedict died suddenly – anti-French rumors stated that he had been poisoned.
59	Election of Clement V 1305 Clement V elected pope. Clement was French and moved the papacy to Avignon in southern France.
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61	Pope Clement V Papacy became more monarchial in appearance Avignon court very politicized Massive spending on luxuries Financial base of the papacy expanded Tithes 10% on church property Income of bishops increased Taxes for unseen crusades Fees
62	The HRE Response John XXII 1316-1334 Argument with Louis IV HRE who stated that his installation was not to be determined by the pope. German princes agreed – seeds of Reformation?
63	Pope Clement VI Clement VI 1342-1352 Contributed his own money to the French for their wars. Nations who hated the French saw the papacy as a French tool.
64	Gregory XI 1370-1378 Gregory is urged to return the papacy to Rome. Loosing control of the Romans Losing control of Papal lands Catherine of Siena 1378 – returns papacy to Rome and dies
65	Western/Papal/Great Schism 1378 the people of Rome rioted and demanded a Roman pope. Cardinals were fearful and elected an Italian – Urban VI
66	French Elect a Pope Misgivings over the election of Urban VI led some cardinals – led by French Cardinals to hold a new election where the French Clement VII was elected pope. He moved to Avignon.
67	Great Divide Catholic Europe divided allegiance to the two popes – usually for political reasons. Rome: England, Denmark, Flanders, HRE Avignon: France, Castile, Leon, Aragon, Burgundy, Naples
68	Conciliar Movement Council of Pisa 1408 – in an attempt to end the crises a third pope was elected. Council of Constance – ended the crises by getting rid of all of the various popes and electing Martin V. Council of Constance also put an end to the use of church council that existed without the domination of the papacy.
69	The Black Death Responsible for the death of up to 25 million people in Europe alone in the 1300’s and 1400’s.
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71	Symptoms of the Plague
72	The Black Death Bubonic plague, spread from merchants ships traveling from Southeastern Russian to Italy and into Europe in 1347 Killed 1.4 million in England alone; it killed 1/3 of Europe’s total population Effected culture, religion, medicine, literature, economics, and art. The Black Death Video (25Min) http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9213528526753799697&ei=2dH0SOLzJ5PYrAKyh7E6&q=the+black+death&hl=en http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=9213528526753799697&ei=QT71SLCVOI6qrgLk7dHsDg&q=the+black+death (Secondary – Only)
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74	"The French nobility selected Philip..." The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, a cousin of the last king through the male line. He founded a new French dynasty that ruled through the 16c. He was chosen in preference to King Edward III of England, whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV. In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.”
75	2. French Land Belonging to British Kings A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings. Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest].
76	3. Conflict Over Flanders Wool industry. Flanders wanted its independence from French control. Asks England for help.
77	4. A Struggle for National Identity France was NOT a united country before the war began. The French king only controlled about half of the country.
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79	Military Characteristics The War was a series of short raids and expeditions punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties. The relative strengths of each country dictated the sporadic nature of the struggle.
80	French Advantages Population of about 16,000,000. Far richer and more populous than England. At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000 à at most, Britain mustered only 32,000.
81	British Advantages Weapons Technologies. In almost every engagement, the English were outnumbered. Britain’s most successful strategies: Avoid pitched battles. Engage in quick, profitable raids Steal what you can. Destroy everything else. Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom.
82	"The use of the English..." The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow. Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow. Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards! A longbow could be fired more rapidly. 6 arrows per minute.
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86	French Confusion The English captured the French king, John II [r.1350-1364]. France was now ruled by the Estates General A representative council of townspeople and nobles. Created in 1355. Purpose à to secure funds for the war. In theory, the French king could not levy taxes on his own!!
87	The Jacquerie, 1358 In the confusion and unrest following the French disaster at Poitiers, this rural movement began. It was a response to the longstanding economic and political grievances in the countryside worsened by warfare. The rebels were defeated by aristocratic armies.
88	Trouble in England Peasant Revolt in 1381 was put down by King Richard II [r. 1377-1399]. After charges of tyranny, Richard II was forced to abdicate in 1300. Parliament elected Henry IV [r. 1399-1413], the first ruler from the House of Lancaster. Henry avoided war taxes. He was careful not to alienate the nobility. Therefore, a truce was signed ending French and British hostilities [for the time being, at least].
89	King Henry V (r. 1412-1422) Renewed his family’s claim to the French throne. At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry himself, goaded a larger French army into attacking a fortified English position. With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of northern France!
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91	Treaty of Troyes (1420) Charles VI’s son [the future Charles VII], was declared illegitimate and disinherited. Henry V married Catherine, the daughter of Charles VI. Henry was declared the legitimate heir to the French throne! A final English victory seemed assured, but both Charles VI and Henry V died in 1422. This left Henry’s infant son, Henry VI [r. 1422-1461], to inherit BOTH thrones.
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93	The French “Reconquest” The two kings’ deaths ushered in the final stage of the 100 Years’ War [1422-1453]. Even though in 1428 the military and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed the situation. In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans. This began the reconquest of the north of France.
94	Joan of Arc (1412-1432) The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English. Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation. Her “voices” told her to go to the king and assist him in driving out the English. She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader!
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97	Joan of Arc (1412-1432) She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence. With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending the “disinheritance”]. She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands. Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432. She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.
98	The End of the War Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued. By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers except Calais. In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held fortress. This was the last battle of the war. There was not treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.
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100	Medieval Universities 12^th century: cathedral schools in France and municipal schools in Italy developed into Universities Filled need for educated government workers/bureaucratic officials Both Secular and Church related Early universities included Bologna, Oxford, and Paris (Notre Dame) Education included ancient texts, religion, philosophy, natural science, logic, and other subjects. Lecture format with few books for students (pre-printing press)
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