1	Chapter 13 Ancient Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
2	Ancient Japan
3	Government and Administration Organized government begins in fifth and sixth centuries Buddhism becomes religion of governing class Prince Shotoku Lower classes not allowed to obtain government posts regardless of abilities The Nara and Heian Periods (710 – 1185) Feudal anarchy for seventy years after death of Prince Shotoku First capital at Nara Imperial court moved to Heian (Kyoto) Limited contacts with mainland Government became struggle between Japanese and Chinese models
4	Fujiwara Clan Shogunate System eventually began to break down Samurai Bushido Fighting among clans eventually led to establishment of Kamakura Shogunate The Kamakura Period (1185-1333) Japanese version of European Middle Ages Shoen Shiki System of economics and government resembled European feudal system Chief difference between two was the bakufu
5	Japanese Arts and Culture Separate from Chinese culture Very imaginative World’s first novel was written (Tale of Genji) Poetry was popular Had a good sense of design and draftsmanship Great deal of attention given to beauty in all forms Buddhist Evolution Two primary sects Zen was to become most influential of Buddhist sects Very powerful influence on visual arts
6	The Ashikaga Shogunate (1336 – 1573) Ashikaga clan took control from Minamoto clan Ruled from Kyoto Daimyo Long period of very violent wars Art forms became fully rooted in Japanese models
7	Ancient Korea Chinese culture influenced Korea more heavily than any other region, even though indigenous dynasties continued to rule the peninsula for much of the post-classic period. The people who inhabited the Korean peninsula were different ethnically than those who came to consider themselves Chinese. In 109 B.C.E., a Han dynasty emperor conquered the Korean kingdom of Choson and settled Chinese colonies in Korea. These Chinese colonies provided the conduit through which Chinese culture was transmitted.
8	Ancient Korea As Chinese control of Korea weakened, the indigenous Koguryo established an independent kingdom in the northern part of the peninsula. Koguryo contested control of the peninsula with two smaller kingdoms, Silla and Paekche.
9	Korea and Chinese Civil Service Exams In all three kingdoms, Buddhism supplied the key links to Chinese culture. In Koguryo, rulers attempted to institute the Chinese examination system, Chinese writing, and a bureaucracy. Opposition to Sinification by the Korean aristocracy led to the failure of the plan.
10	The Conquest of Korea The Tang emperors conquered Korea for China for the second time. In the process of conquest,the Tang allied themselves with Silla in order to defeat the other two dynasties. When Silla proved resistant to external control, the Tang emperors agreed to recognize the Silla monarch as a vassal in return for the payment of tribute. The Chinese withdrew their armies from Korea in 668C.E., leaving the kings of Silla as independent rulers.
11	Sinification: The Tributary Link Under the kings of Silla and the succeeding Koryo dynasty (918 C.E. to 1392 C.E.), Sinification was thorough. The Silla rulers intentionally modeled their government after the Tang dynasty. The tribute system was critical to the process of cultural exchange. Tribute missions offered access to Chinese learning, art, and manufactured goods. Scholars from Korea were able to study at Chinese schools and Buddhist monasteries.
12	Sinification of Korean Elite Culture The aristocracy of the Korean kingdom of Silla clustered about the capital city of Kumsong. There they became immersed in Chinese culture, including Confucianism. Despite the interest inimitating all things Chinese, the Korean elite preferred Buddhism to Confucianism. The Koreans learned the initial secrets of pottery from the Chinese, but Korean artisans produced masterworks that often rivaled the efforts of their teachers.
13	Civilization for the Few Sinification was largely limited in Korea to the elite, who monopolized most political offices and dominated social life. Much of Korea’s trade involved supplying luxuries for the elite. To support the importation of luxuries, Korea exported raw materials. Artisans remained in the lower ranks of Korean society. Korea failed to develop a distinctive merchant class. The lower ranks of Korean society existed to serve the elite. Salvationist Buddhism promised an afterlife as a release from the drudgery of service to the Korean aristocracy.
14	Koryo Collapse, Dynastic Renewal Periodic rebellions against the Korean government and aristocrats eventually weakened both the Silla and Koryo regimes. Following the Mongol invasion of Korea in 1231, the Yi dynasty was founded in 1392. It survived in much the same format as its predecessors until 1910.
15	The Making of Vietnam The Chinese were interested in the annexation of Vietnam in order to control the rice production of the Red River valley. The Vietnamese were less conciliatory toward the adoption of Chinese culture than other peoples. The first attempts at conquest during the Qin dynasty resulted in the establishment of trade between China and Vietnam but no political unification. Aspects of Vietnamese culture, such as language, household formation, local autonomy, dress, and the higher status of women, differed significantly from Chinese patterns.
16	Conquest of Nam Viet The Han dynasty emperors were responsible for the conquest of the Red River valley. By 111 B.C.E., Chinese troops and administrators were present in Vietnam. Initially the Viet elite cooperated with its conquerors and entered the bureaucratic administration of local government.
17	Viet Sinification The Viet elite undertook Confucian education and underwent the Chinese examination system as a means of qualifying for official posts in the government. With the introduction of Chinese agricultural techniques, Vietnamese agriculture became highly productive. Adoption of Chinese military techniques gave the Vietnamese advantages over the neighboring cultures of Southeast Asia.
18	Roots of Resistance Chinese cultural importations failed to make an impression on the Vietnamese peasantry. Vietnamese resistance to political inclusion within the Chinese empire led to rebellions. The most famous of the rebellions occurred in 39 C.E. under the Trung sisters.
19	Winning Independence Separated from China by substantial distance and geographical barriers, Vietnam was difficult for the Chinese to govern. Whenever political chaos existed in China between dynasties, the Vietnamese were quick to reestablish their independence. Following the fall of the Tang, the Vietnamese achieved separation from China in 939 C.E. Until their conquest by the French in the 19th century, the Vietnamese were able to stave off foreign invasion.
20	Continuing Chinese Influences Chinese cultural influences did not end with the restoration of Vietnamese political independence. Vietnamese dynasties after 980 C.E. continued to imitate the Chinese bureaucracy, examination system, and the scholar-gentry. The Vietnamese administrators were never as powerful as their Chinese counterparts because their power did not extend effectively to the village level. The competition with Buddhist monks also limited the power of the nascent Vietnamese scholar-gentry. Failure to establish a strong, centralized administrative network weakened many Vietnamese dynasties.
21	The Vietnamese Drive to the South Vietnam continued to enjoy advantages over other rivals in Indochina. Their main adversaries were the Chams and Khmers, who resided in the southern portions of the region. The Vietnamese remained less interested in the hill peoples, whom they regarded as savages. Between the 11^th and 18^th centuries, the Vietnamese drove the Chams from their lands in the south. Following the defeat of the Chams, the Vietnamese expanded their territories at the expense of the Khmers. By the eighteenth century, the Vietnamese had successfully taken much of the land surrounding the Mekong River delta.
22	Expansion and Division As southern expansion continued, the central government in Hanoi had increasing difficulties establishing their authority in the south. By the 16th century, a rival dynasty (the Nguyen) emerged to challenge the northern Trinh dynasty. For two centuries, the war between the Trinh and Nguyen continued. Internal war weakened the Vietnamese when it became necessary to face an external threat from European imperialism.
23	Global Connections: In the Orbit of China Chinese culture spread to the sedentary agricultural populations of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam in the first millennium C.E. Chinese writing, bureaucratic organization, religion, and art all made impressions on the indigenous cultures. In general, the local elites of the three regions actively sought to emulate Chinese models. Differences within the three areas resulted in divergent outcomes and alternative mixes of the indigenous and the imported. China was able to establish direct control over Korea. In Vietnam, Chinese influences mingled with Indian cultural contributions. Only Japan remained permanently independent of China and, thus, was able to selectively adapt Chinese models to Japanese needs. In East Asia, as a whole, cultural exchanges took place in isolation from the rest of the civilized world.
24	Artwork of the Ancient Viet
25	Chapter 13 Ancient Japan, Korea, and Vietnam The End