1	"Chapter 23" Chapter 23
2	Introduction Major Themes Political Upheaval – age of revolution 1775-1848 Exportation of western European institutions to settler societies Major Changes Monarchies replaced by parliaments (extensive voting) North America emerges as major force in world economics Series of disruptions New cultural forms – some challenge/support Enlightened thought New states – Germany, Italy, and the United States Led to new alliances – which led to the Great War Phases of Western transformation 1750-1775 – Period of growing crisis 1775-1850 – political revolution simultaneously with industrial revolution 1850-1914 – implications of industrial revolution
3	Optimism in Chaos Marquis de Condorcet – “Progress of the Human Mind” Due to literacy/education – mankind on the verge of perfection This humble man died in jail
4	The Age of Revolution Forces of Change Cultural change – change in intellectual thought – Enlightenment Political thought – challenged government Jean-Jacques Rousseau – government based on general will Gap between leaders and thinkers – this isn’t a good precedent Also encouraged economic/social change New businesspeople challenged old aristocracy New power structure vs. old economic values
5	Population Revolution Better border control – kept out those annoying immigrants with disease Improved nutrition Effects Upper class needed to control their position – feel threatened Can’t inherit property > join working class
6	Population Revolution – Effects Continued Rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing Proto-industrialization – set foundation for future capitalism Putting out system – capitalism out of your house Run by merchants – materials, work orders, sales Altered behaviors Consumer mentality – keeping up with the Joneses Premarital sex Parents lose control – can’t threaten inheritance anymore Defiance of authority
7	The American Revolution A Sort of Revolution – change of power from one group of elites to another Enlightened ideas used to justify switch, desire for political office Atlantic coast colonies win Why? - British blunders + French help Set up new government – incorporated Enlightened ideas Montesquieu – checks and balances – divided branches Civil liberties – but…kept that thing called slavery Voting rights Schoolhouse Rock - The Shot Heard 'Round the World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VQA5NDNkUM&feature=PlayList&p=67163A45E76786CE&playnext=1&index=2
8	Crisis in France in 1789 This would set precedent that would transform all of Europe Causes Ideological factors – Enlightenment pressure – limit Church/aristocracy Social changes – merchant class wanted more power Peasants pressed by population issues – want freedom from aristocracy Catalyst – economic problems by French gov’t - series of wars/Versailles Louis XVI – calls Estates General Supposed to be three estates – but turns into National Assembly King gives this legitimacy after riots, women marching, and chaos
9	Early Stages of Revolution Summer of discontent National Assembly – passes Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Storming of Bastille – symbol of repression – destroyed almost vacant prison Great Fear – riots on countryside lead to Great Flight Led to monumental changes Seizure of church lands New parliament to restrict king Freedom religion, press, property
10	French Revolution: Radical Phase Enters Radical Phase in 1792 Reign of Terror – get rid of monarchy Push revolution further Executed potential threats – guillotine becomes weapon of choice
11	Maximilien Robespierre Leader of radical phase Lost touch with issues of the people Creates new religion – cult of the Supreme Being Doesn’t listen to issues of urban dwellers Eventually was arrested & himself killed Movies – United Streaming “French Revolution – Part 1 and Part 2” (2 movies – 20 min each) & French Revolution PowerPoints
12	French Revolution - Changes New changes Proclaimed universal manhood suffrage Universal weights and measures – crazy dudes Slavery abolished Universal military conscription – loyalty to the state Now france has a huge, motivated army Makes europe nervous – spread revolutionary ideals Nationalism – new spirit – national anthem Replaced allegiance to locality and the church
13	Napoleon Enter Napoleon – followed conservative phase – oligarchy Show the Movie – United Streaming “Conquerors–Napoleon”(27 min) Centralized system of secondary schools/universities Meritocracy – achievement based on skills, not birth Religious freedom Tries to conquer Europe Repelled in Russia Tore down local governments elsewhere They now gave loyalty to the nation
14	A Conservative Settlement Congress of Vienna – national lines drawn Tried to create a balance of power – create strong powers around France Prussia gains power in Germany Piedmont in Northern Italy Britain gains new territory around the world Russia maintains control of Poland Tried to restore the old days – conservative – monarchy
15	Liberal Reaction Liberals pushed for political change More say for the people Gov’t stays out of individual issues Constitutional rules for religion, press, and assembly Economic reforms Better education Then there was the…radicals Wanted way more power for people – universal suffrage Socialism – attack private property and divide equally
16	Other Early - European Revolutions Revolutions from students and urban artisans – most to gain Greece breaks away from Ottomans Failed revolutions in Italy, Germany, Belgium, France U.S. takes away land rights – Jacksonian Democracy Britain – Reform Bill of 1832 – parliamentary vote to middle class men By 1830s Western Europe has solid parliaments
17	Industrialization & Revolutions of 1848 Now factory workers are getting ticked off – whatever happened to skilled labor? Chartist movement – regulate technologies – slow down so we have a job Revolutions of 1848 – climax of protest France starts it up again – socialism – government supported jobs/women’s rights Ended up replacing with another authoritarian – Napoleon’s nephew Nationalism demands in Germany and Austria-Hungary – autonomy
18	Revolutions of 1848 Revolution fails again revolution too drastic – need to choose more moderate methods better transportation reduces food crisis – the major catalyst Better riot control police But…industrial business class starts to replace aristocrats – new money vs. old money Now it became those with money vs. those without
19	The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1914 Infrastructure gradually improves Railroads, canals, urbanization Britain – 50% live in cities – first time in human history A handle on city problems Sanitation, parks, regulation of food/housing facilities Crime rates drop/stabilize
20	Adjustments to Industrial Life Family life changes Low birth rates/low death rates – kids more important – not source of income Better health for kids – only 10% are dying before 10 years old – yippee! Louis Pasteur discovers germs – better health/sanitation Consumer culture begins More money to buy products – living above subsistence Rise in corporations more stock owned companies labor unions created workers bargain for better pay/conditions’ Farmer life improves More connected Developed staple crops Cooperatives to market crops/purchase supplies – can be done cheaper if work together
21	Political Trends and the Rise of New Nations Governments start to gradually enact reforms to avoid revolution Key issues – voting rights, freedom of religion, conserve wealth of old Promoting active foreign policy creates nationalist fervor Expanding empire – people forget domestic issues – no, really?
22	Creating Nations Italy Count Camillo di Cavour – Piedmont unites Italy - alliance with France Fought Austria for Northern provinces – peninsula unites Revolution from control of the Church Otto von Bismarck – unites Germany Germany Forced conflict with other nations to unify German people Defeated France in 1871 – new Germany Parliament has lower house based on universal suffrage Bismarck: Germany From Blood and Iron (clip) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Puk_jLli5s&feature=related
23	Keeping Nations Intact America stays one nation – industrial North defeats rural-based South industrial weaponry and transport systems give hint of war to come Goal now becomes keeping political power and getting elected For the most part, status quo is kept whether liberal or conservative party Italy calls it trasformismo – basically the peaceful transfer of power in which there is no radical change, but you add the suffix “-mo” at the end
24	New Government Functions West starts having civil service exams – just about 1000 years after Chinese New schools Increase literacy rates Teach domestic roles to women Preach nationalism – language, history, attack minorities/immigrant cultures Welfare programs to help old, injured, unemployed – Bismarck ahead of the game
25	The Social Question Social question – not political/ economic equality, but social equality Socialism – Karl Marx Who controls means of production? Middle class defeated aristocracy and now it was the workers turn Eventually class eliminated – proletariats vs. bourgeoisie Socialists parties grow in popularity across W. Europe Fiery speakers attract workers Revision – accomplish social equality peacefully – a compromise
26	Social Equality Feminist movements Equal access to employment, education, vote Middle class women led the charge Active, passionate leadership Window smashing, arson, hunger strikes, petitions, marches
27	Emphasis on Consumption & Leisure Better wages + reduction in hours = free time, expendable income Also, factories produced tons of cheap goods Advertisement encouraged Bicycle fad of 1880s People line up – starts changing clothing of women Mass leisure culture Newspapers with fluff – bold headlines/human interest stories crime, sports, comics, crime, corruption, violence Live comedy and music Vacation trips – seaside resorts grow
28	Leisure Activities Team sports Discipline and coordination necessary Commercial industry grew – uniforms, rubber balls, stadiums Hypercommunity loyalties – Go 49ers!!!! Olympics reintroduced in 1896 New priorities More secular – people turn to worldly entertainments Mass leisure allows passion, vicarious participation in sports – “We won!!!”
29	Advances in Scientific Knowledge Rising prosperity led to more time for scientific/artistic exploration Improvements in medicine, agriculture Still used rationalist perspective – almost solely secular Charles Darwin – 1859 – Origin of Species Animal/plant species evolve over time from earlier forms Nature worked through random struggle Conflicts with religious doctrine
30	Scientific Advances Physics expands – Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity - adds notion of time Expanding empirical knowledge of humans – statistics for everything Attempts to explain business cycles, causes of poverty, behavior of crowds Sigmund Freud – theories of human subconscious to explain behavior
31	New Directions in Artistic Expression Some artistic approach reflected logic and daily lives Charles Dickens – novels on human behavior Georges Seurat – pointillism But…a lot of art went off on random tangents Romanticism – emotion/impression more important than reason/generalization Start breaking form – no more poetry rhyming, why plot, painting evocative If you want to be literal, use a camera Art becomes abstract – art for art’s sake So…basically…there is no one way of doing things – science, or art More debate over life – Conservatism vs. liberalism Tensions in the modern mind
32	Western Settler Societies Causes of Western expansion new markets for processed goods created commercial agriculture in other regions satisfy need for raw materials, agricultural products Communication/transportation facilitated expansion Nationalistic rivalries Businesspeople sought new chances for profit Missionaries sought chances for profit Massive European emigration Success of expansion Steamships brings technology inland Improved weaponry – artillery and machine gun
33	Emerging Power of the United States First hundred years remained isolated Improved infrastructure, political system, internal growth, westward expansion New stream of immigrants in 1850s Success of America borrowed by Europeans during revolutions Civil War – industrial North vs. agricultural South Civil War freed slaves, but South eventually re-enslaved through sharecropping Accelerated America’s industrialization Expand transportation networks Armaments manufacturers need markets after war American agriculture – mechanized – exported to world American military, art, technology had very little impact abroad
34	European Settlements & Canada Borrowed heavily from Western Civilization Parliamentary legislatures and economies mirrored Cultural styles borrowed from Europe Remained part of British Empire Canada Tried to create gradual self-government to avoid revolution Quebec created to ease French tension New immigrants poor in during last part of 18^th century
35	European Settlements in Australia and New Zealand Australia 1788-1853 – exported convicts Discovery of gold increases population in 1850s Unified federal nation claimed on January 1, 1900 New Zealand Conflict with Maoris – attempts to convert to Christianity Agricultural population Parliament allowed to rule self without interference from mother country
36	Canada, Australia, New Zealand Connections All remained agricultural – necessitated exchanges with England Themes of liberalism, socialism, modern art, and science transported Received new waves of immigrants during 19^th century Export of people huge issue Industrialization leads to rapid colonization Communication and transportation created quickly
37	Diplomatic Tensions & WWI Germany becomes new power in Europe by 1880s – secured alliances World ran out of places to carve up by 1900 Africa gone, only a few areas left Britain threatened by Germany’s industrialization and navy France more concerned with Germany – aligns self with Russia/Britain
38	The New Alliance System Two alliance systems dominate Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente – Britain, Russia, France Arms race created to intimidate/defend against rivals military conscription during peacetime Each alliance had unstable partner Russia – revolution in 1905 – would it be crippled? Austria-Hungary – nationality disputes – want self-determination/autonomy
39	Balkan States Balkan states only adding to difficulty Balkan nations broke away from Ottoman Empire Serbia expanding – this threatens Austria-Hungary that has Serbian population Gabrio Princip kills Archduke Ferdinand Austria vows to punish Serbia – Russia comes to aid Germany attacks France then Russia before they can mobilize
40	Diplomacy and Society Nationalist competition got out of control – no other civilizations to threaten Governments attempts to distract population through foreign actions But…once imperialism was too easy, then what? Plus…military build-ups – need buyers for products Mass newspapers shape nationalist pride Initially people excited about war Some people thought it was a nice break from stability of the world
41	Global Connections Imperialism and redefinition of world economy put Europe interests everywhere Russia tried to avoid situation – warned against parliamentary politics European ideas of socialist liberalism, radicalism were exported to other regions around the world – later used to overthrow oppressors
42	"Chapter 23" Chapter 23 The End