1	African Civilizations AP World History Chapter 8
2	African Kingdoms 1500BCE to 1500CE
3	Geography & Environment Africa is divided into 5 regions – N. Africa, E. Africa, W. Africa, Southern. Africa, & Central Africa Three times as large as the U.S. Second largest in the world- 4,600 miles from east to west and 5,000 miles from north to south
4	African Rivers Narrow coastline, plateau, water falls, rapids, few harbors or natural ports This kept them isolated from Europeans.
5	The Sahara Description Stretches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean Covers an area ½ the size of the US Flat- gray wasteland Human Interaction Unsuitable to sustain human life Hampers movement
6	The Sahel AKA the “Coastline of the Desert” Description Land at the southern end of the Sahara Desert Area is growing based on the “spreading” of the desert Human Interaction Some human life, but many are moving southward
7	The African Rainforest AKA- “Nature’s Greenhouse” Description Tall trees form a canopy, little sunlight Too much rain Human Interaction Partly uninhabitable Tse Tse Fly- limited colonization Root crops- yams
8	Savannas AKA “Welcoming Lands” Description Grassy plains Mediterranean Climate Fertile Coasts 40% of the continent Human Interaction Supports agriculture- plants, grains, and cattle
9	African Societies in General (before Islam) Diverse – centralized states & stateless societies Animistic religions – nature, rituals, dancing, witchcraft, creator deity, ancestor worship, sacrifice, drumming Languages had common origin (Bantu)
10	Africa’s Early Culture Nok culture- Africa’s earliest known culture- first Africans to smelt iron Djenne-Djeno- oldest known city south of the Sahara Desert, located near the Niger River in Western Africa, had 50,000 residents who lived in mud-brick housed and were involved in trade
11	Nubia 3000 B.C. Ancient kingdom in the southern part of the Nile River valley Near Egypt Developed the Christian Coptic Church
12	Kush 2000 B.C. Trading kingdom (based mainly on iron) on the upper Nile Around 1,000 BC- conquered Egypt
13	Axum Location: The horn of Africa Legend- founded by the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba Adulis= trade city Items in= rhino horn, salt, ivory, emeralds, gold Items out= cloth, glass, olive oil, wine, brass, iron and copper Ezana= strongest ruler defeated Kush
14	Bantu Migration One way experts trace migration is through language The Bantu languages (more than 900) are spoken by 1/3 of all Africans Swahili- blending of African-Bantu and Arabic languages Bantu means “the people” Reason they migrated (probably) due to slash and burn agriculture- depletion of soil or drought Migration route- South-east from the center of Africa along the Congo River Spread the use of slash and burn agriculture and iron
15	Bantu Kingdoms (500 C.E. – 1500 C.E.) Mass movement of Africans from west Africa to less populated areas Bantu speaking peoples become the dominant group in Africa south of the Sahara Wealthy Bantu kingdoms rise in central and southern Africa
16	Bantu Kingdoms (Cont.) Spread agricultural techniques & language (over 400 today) Relied on iron tools –facilitated crop cultivation Relied on banana (from SE Asia around 400 C.E.) for nutrition Swahili – blend of Bantu languages and Arabic (becomes a lingua franca)
17	Kingdom of Ghana (A.D. 300 – A.D. 1200) Caravan trading empire that prospered from taxes Had Iron Weapons by 11^th Century Benefited from salt and gold trade Trade brought Islamic ideas and customs; many converted Destroyed by Berber jihad from Morocco.
18	Kingdom of Mali (1235 C.E.-1468 C.E.) West African Kingdom established by Sundieta Keita (Lion Prince) in 1235 Rulers supported Islam (mosques, public prayers, preachers) Juula – traders Ibn Batuta visits (Arab traveler) Greatest king was Mansa Musa (Muslim) King who made hajj Brought back scholars and artists Spread wealth Capital was Timbuktu
19	Kingdom of Songhai (A.D. 1493 – A.D. 1528 was its height) Most important ruler was Askia Muhammad (Muslim) Sunni Ali – ruthless, tactical commander Were traders, farmers, & fishers who settled in the Niger River Valley Timbuktu became a center of Muslim learning Moroccan Army causes downfall
20	Hausa Sates and Kanem Bornu Hausa East of Songhai Originated in 10^th Century After the fall of Songhai moved east Never became an empire due to in-fighting Kanem Bornu 8^th Century Loosely knit state Covered to Islam in 11^th Century Fell to Bulala People
21	Kongo Flourished along the Congo River Agricultural Society Woman Dominated Crop Cultivation Men Cleared the Forest and Hunted Capital 10,000 people
22	Swahili Coast Major Indian Ocean Trading States Strong Islamic Influence Aside from merchants and rulers most retain African animalistic beliefs.
23	City- States of East Africa Kilwa- East Africa was the wealthiest Controlled trade with India Took over Sofala to control gold trade from southern Africa The Portuguese took over Kilwa to control trade The Portuguese began to interfere with politics
24	Ancient Zimbabwe Built Massive Stone Walls and Buildings Greatest ruler Mwene Mutapa Dominated gold sources and trade with coastal ports of the Indian Ocean network. Internal divisions split the empire in the 16^th Century.
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26	Islam in Africa Ibn Battuta – Arab traveler who documented the Islamic world (1300s) Mamluks – originally a military caste that took seized power; dynasty that makes Egypt a center for Muslim culture and learning; were converts to Islam Muslims bring slavery to new heights – saw slavery as a process in conversion