From Booty to Empire
•After the initial Muslim conquests, internal divisions weakened Muslim rule and allowed limited Hindu reconquest.
•In the 10th century a Turkish dynasty gained power in Afghanistan.
•Its third ruler, Mahmud of Ghazni, began two centuries of incursions into northern India.
•In the 12th century the Persian Muhammad of Ghur created an extensive state in the Indus valley and north-central India.